Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

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A CALCULATION METHOD FOR A SHOVEL-TRUCK SYSTEM WITH AN INCLINED HOIST OF TRUCKLIFT TYPE
(The International Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2008-07-21) CZAPLICKI, Jacek M.
The proposal to apply an inclined hoist of the Trucklift type in open pit mining hung in mid-air. Although this suggestion is quite interesting, no mine around the world was interested in such an installation. It appears that one of the main reasons for which the proposal missed its aim was the lack of the method of analysis and calculation of shovel-truck systems including such a type of hoist to allow an assessment of what kind of improvement might be expected if the hoist is employed in the system. This paper shows the method of analysis and calculation of shovel-truck systems with a hoist, considering the majority of the important compenents that have an influence on the course of the operation/exploitation process of the machinery system. An example is given to add to the communicativeness of the considerations and conclusions drawn.
A COMPANY-PERSPECTIVE COST ANALYSIS OF THE PERSONAL DUST MONITOR (PDM)
(The International Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2007-07-20) REED, W.R.; VOLKWEIN, J.C.; JOY, G.J.
The personal dust monitor (PDM) is a new coal mine respirable dust sampling instrument that has the ability to provide accurate end-of-shift and real-time respirable dust exposure data. A hypothetical cost comparison analysis of the PDM with the current MSHA-required coal mine dust personal sampling unit (CMDPSU) was conducted. Some simplifying assumptions were made to create hypothetical cases for analysis. This analysis was limited to respirable dust sampling of the one designated operator (DO) and one designated area (DA) for one mechanized mining unit (MMU) which operated one shift per day. Only sampling intervals of the minimum sampling as required by federal regulations and continuous sampling were analyzed. This cost analysis from the company perspective is only one part of an overall cost/benefit analysis that should be conducted at a later date. In this analysis, company-associated costs were examined for both sampling systems. Results show that the PDM, while it has high initial costs of approximately $ 12,600, may be a cost-effective sampling system for measuring coal mine respirable dust. The estimated present worth cost of conducting the minimum requried dust sampling over a five-year life ranges from $5,850 to $19,000 for the CMDPSU, with the higher present worth cost including costs of potential violations incurred. For the PDM, the comparable present worth cost is $14,900 to $19,300, with the lower present worth cost representing a lower capital cost of $8,150 per unit if more than 850 units are produced per year, while the higher present worth cost reflects the results with the higher $12,600 capital cost.
A comprehensive characterization of the effect of spatter powder on IN939 parts fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
(Materials and Design, 2023-10-15) Doğu, Merve Nur; Özer, Seren; Mussatto, Andre; Yalçın, Mustafa Alp; Davut, Kemal; Obeidi, Muhannad Ahmed; Kumar, Ajay; Hudson, Sarah; O'Neill, Darragh; O'Connor, Robert; Gu, Hengfeng; Brabazon, Dermot
This study is focused on a comprehensive characterization of virgin and spatter IN939 powders and the effects of a certain amount of spatter powder on the part quality of IN939 fabricated by the L-PBF process. A brown tint coloration formed Al2O3 oxide, pores, a 124.4% increase in the average particle size, a 10.2% decrease in the powder circularity, and a 7.5% decrease in the powder aspect ratio were observed in the spatter powder. Additionally, higher average grain size and lower nanohardness were obtained for the spatter powder. In order to understand the effect of a certain amount of spatter powder on the part quality, 10 wt.% spatter powder was mixed with the virgin powder. This addition was found to decrease the flowability of the powder. Moreover, this addition decreased relative density by around 0.3% and increased surface roughness by around 80.8% in the fabricated samples (termed as V and SV). On the other hand, there was no considerable microstructural, texture, microhardness, and nanohardness difference between V and SV samples, although the spatter powder addition caused a 30.2% increase in the average grain size of SV. The overall texture for both V and SV samples exhibit (001)//BD.
A DFT study of TiC3 as anode material for Li-ion batteries
(Applied Surface Science, 2023-07-13) Park, Jongee; Fatima, Syeda Afrinish
Two-dimensional monolayer titanium carbide (TiC3) was used to study as a suitable electrode material for lithium-ion batteries with first principles calculation. The monolayer TiC3 showed excellent structural stability, high mechanical stiffness and good electronic conductance behaviour. The adsorption of Li on the carbon rich composition of titanium carbide monolayer is predicted to be favourable. TiC3 structure has remained the same, preserving its metallicity after Li adsorption with attaining high electrical conductivity during lithiation/delithiation process. Especially, the theoretical specific capacity of TiC3 monolayer is high, up to 1916 mAh/g, which is five times higher than the practical graphite. The low open circuit voltage (0.26 V) and diffusion energy barrier (0.25 eV) are also beneficial for overall performance of LIBs. Importantly, during lithiation the change in area is very small and reaches only 8.1 % for full lithiation indicating that it can avoid the large volume expansion during charge/discharge cycles. Its excellent performance, including high melting temperature, dynamical and mechanical stability, can be credited to the rigidness of the TiC3. Given these advantages, that is, high specific capacity, low Li diffusion energy barrier, low open circuit voltage and high in-plane stiffness, TiC3 monolayer can be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
A STUDY ON THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF DOLOMITE FROM WEST ANATOLIA REGION USING SEMI-PILOT SCALE ROTARY FURNACE
(The International Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2013-06-18) DERİN, Bora; DEMİRCAN, Umut; UZUNOĞLU, Timur; YÜCEL, Onuralp
Decomposition behaviour of dolomite from the western Anatolia region (Turkey) was investigated using semi-pilot scale rotary furnance as a part of magnesium production project. Experiments were carried out using 1000 g of dolomite samples at different temperatures (800-1100 °C) and time (0-300 min). It was found that be decomposition process increased with increasing time and temperature. TG/DTA and XRD analysis showed that dolomite decomposition followed two stage reactions; first is formation of CaCO3 and MgO, the second is following CaCO3 decomposition. Decomposition mechanism of semi-pilot experiments was found to be first order reaction with activation energy of 126.8 kJ mol-1.
Approximation of oscillatory Bessel integral transforms
(Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 2023-06-15) Khan, Suliman; Zaman, Sakhi; Arshad, Muhammad; Alhzami, Sharifah E.; Khan, Feroz; Park, Jongee
The numerical treatment of oscillatory integrals is a demanding problem in applied sciences, particularly for large-scale problems. The main concern of this work is on the approximation of oscillatory integrals having Bessel-type kernels with high frequency and large interpolation points. For this purpose, a modified meshless method with compactly supported radial basis functions is implemented in the Levin formulation. The method associates a sparse system matrix even for high frequency values and large data points, and approximates the integrals accurately. The method is efficient and stable than its counterpart methods. Error bounds are derived theoretically and verified with several numerical experiments.
BIN VOLUME SELECTION IN RELATION TO HOIST OUTPUT AND STREAM OF ROCK EXTRACTED-ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
(The International Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2008-07-20) CZAPLICKI, Jacek M.
This paper conducts an analytical description of the problem of shaft bin volume selection in relation to the hoist output given and to the stream of rock mass delivered to the shaft. Special attention is devoted to the stochastic nature of phenomena occurring during ine operation. The stream of mass transported is identified as the Gaussian and the hoist daily output as the random variable that can be described by a modified beta distribution. The bin volmu is considered as a function of either the average value by which the rock mass exceeds the hoisting capacity of transportation both per day or the average rock mass that is delivered to the shaft during the mean time of hoist repair plus the corresponding standard deviation of thise repair time. The rock mass fluctuation in the bin is also taken into account, and its effect included in the calculation procedure.
Computational insight of lithium adsorption and intercalation in bilayer TiC3
(Electrochimica Acta, 2024-02-10) Park, Jongee; Fatima, Syeda Afrinish
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained significant attention owing to their long lifespan. However, these batteries offer unmatched energy storage capacity and suffer from restricted lithium-ion mobility within the electrodes. Here, we employ first-principles calculation to investigate the two-dimensional TiC3 bilayer material. The results exhibit a remarkably high specific capacity of 1277 mAh/g and a low diffusion energy barrier of 0.12 eV. The TiC3 bilayer is anticipated to show high electrical conductivity, maintaining its metallicity due to strong bonding with four Li atoms. Additionally, its high thermal and dynamic stabilities are expected to significantly enhance the battery performance. Notably, the AB stacking bilayer TiC3 experiences a mere 6.01 % increase in volume, considerably smaller compared to the 28 % increase observed in the SiC bilayer. This suggests that TiC3 bilayers remain intact even at the highest concentration of lithium adsorptions. We also explored the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation at the outset of battery operation using reactive force field molecular dynamics simulation. The reactive products of SEI are nicely matched with previous experimental and theoretical findings. All these intriguing properties position the TiC3 bilayer as an exceptionally promising material for use in LIBs.
Diethanolamine Modified Perovskite-Substrate Interface forRealizing Efficient ESL- Free PSCs
(Nanomaterials, 2023-01-06) Sajid, Sajid; Alzahmi, Salem; Wei, Dong; Salem, Imen Ben; Park, Jongee; Obaidat, Ihab M.
Simplifying device layout, particularly avoiding the complex fabrication steps and multiple high-temperature treatment requirements for electron-selective layers (ESLs) have made ESL-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) attractive. However, the poor perovskite/substrate interface and inadequate quality of solution-processed perovskite thin films induce inefficient interfacial-charge extraction, limiting the power conversion efficiency (PCEs) of ESL-free PSCs. A highly compact and homogenous perovskite thin film with large grains was formed here by inserting an interfacial monolayer of diethanolamine (DEA) molecules between the perovskite and ITO substrate. In addition, the DEA created a favorable dipole layer at the interface of perovskite and ITO substrate by molecular adsorption, which suppressed charge recombination. Comparatively, PSCs based on DEA-treated ITO substrates delivered PCEs of up to 20.77%, one of the highest among ESL-free PSCs. Additionally, this technique successfully elongates the lifespan of ESL-free PSCs as 80% of the initial PCE was maintained after 550 h under AM 1.5 G irradiation at ambient temperature.
DÜNYA ve TÜRKİYE ÇELİK ÜRETİMİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ
(Herkese Bilim Teknoloji, 2017-07-08) KESKİNKILIÇ, Ender
2011 yılında Dünya çelik üretimi sıralamasında 10. konumda olan Türkiye, 2012 yılında gerçekleştirdiği 36 milyon tona yakın üretimle Ukrayna ve Brezilya’yı geride bırakarak 8.’liğe yükselmiş, sonraki yıllarda yaşanan kademeli düşüşlerin ardından 2015 yılındaki ciddi düşüşle birlikte 31,5 milyon tona gerilemiştir. 2016 yılındaki hatırı sayılır artışla 33,2 milyon tona yükselen ve Dünya sıralamasında 8.’liğini koruyan Türkiye çelik üretiminin, yeniden ivmelenen yassı çelik üretimiyle birlikte 2017 yılında da artışına devam edeceği öngörülmektedir.
Editorial: Biofabricated materials for tissue engineering
(Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2024-05-08) Şaşmazel, Hilal Türkoğlu; Gündüz, Oğuzhan; Ramalingam, Murugan; Ulağ, Songül
Editorial on the Research Topic Biofabricated materials for tissue engineering
Effect of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and crystallographic texture of IN939 fabricated by powder bed fusion-laser beam
(Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023-05-19) Doğu, Merve Nur; Özer, Seren; Yalçın, Mustafa Alp; Davut, Kemal; Bilgin, Mert Güney; Obeidi, Muhannad Ahmed; Brodin, Håkan; Gu, Hengfeng; Brabazon, Dermot
The effect of various solution heat treatment temperatures (i.e., 1120, 1160, 1200 and 1240 °C) on the microstructure, grain morphology and crystallographic texture of IN939 fabricated by powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) was investigated. Microstructural analyses showed that the high-temperature gradient and rapid solidification of the PBF-LB processing caused different resulting microstructures compared to conventionally produced counterparts. The melt pool morphologies and laser scanning paths were examined in the as-fabricated samples in the XZ- and XY-planes, respectively. After the application of solution heat treatment at 1120 °C, the as-fabricated PBF-LB initial microstructure was still apparent. For solution heat treatments of 1200 °C and above, the melt pool and scanning path morphologies disappeared and converted into a mixture of columnar grains in the XZ-plane and equiaxed grains in the XY-plane. On the other hand, large equiaxed grains were observed when the samples were solutionized at 1240 °C. Additionally, γ' phase precipitated within the matrix after all solution heat treatment conditions, which led to increase in the microhardness values. According to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses, both as-fabricated and solution heat-treated samples had intense texture with {001} plane normal parallel to the building direction. The first recrystallized grains began to appear when the samples were subjected to the solution heat treatment at 1160 °C and the fraction of the recrystallized grains increased with increasing temperature, as supported by kernel average misorientation (KAM) and grain spread orientation (GOS) analyses.
FLOTATION OF REFRACTORY MARMATITE ORE BY USING AMMONIACAL COPPER (II) SOLUTION AS ACTIVATOR
(The International Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2008-07-21) RAO, Feng; SONG, Shaoxian; TONG, Xiong; XIE, Xian; LOPEZ-VALDIVIESO, Alejandro
The flotation of a refactory marmatite ore in China has been studied by using ammoniacal copper (II) solution as the activator in this work, in order to improve the Zn recovery of the marmetite flotation. The experimental results have shown that the ACS could increase the Zn recovery of 9%, compared withcopper sulphate (a commonly used activator for sphalerite and marmatite). The marmatite flotation with the ACS as activator consume much less lime because it was realized at pH 9, while that with copper sulphate as the activator is carried out around pH 12. The less lime consumption not only leads to savings on operation costs, but also reduces the corrosions of flotation celss and stirring tanks, etc. The mechanism by which the ACS acts as activator in marmatite flotation has been found to be attributed to the chemical adsorption of copper (II)-ammonia complexes (CuNH32 and Cu(NH3)22) on marmatite surfaces, leaving to active sites on the surfaces for the adsorption of xanthate ions.
Fucoidan-loaded electrospun Polyvinyl-alcohol/Chitosan nanofibers with enhanced antibacterial activity for skin tissue engineering
(Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2023-10-07) Puigmal, Arnau Cuesta; Ayran, Musa; Ulag, Songül; Altan, Eray; Güncü, Mehmet Mücahit; Aksu, Burak; Durukan, Kağan Berkan; Şaşmazel, Hilal Türkoğlu; Perez, Roman A.; Koç, Erkan; O’Callaghan, Desmond; Gündüz, Oğuzhan
The polymeric nanofiber may interact and control certain regeneration processes at the molecular level to repair damaged tissues. This research focuses on the development of characterization and antibacterial capabilities of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) nanofibres containing fucoidan (FUC) for tissue engineering as a skin tissue substitute. A control group consisting of 13% PVA/(0.1)% CS nanofiber was prepared. To confer antibacterial properties to the nanofiber, 10, 20, and 30 mg of FUC were incorporated into this control group. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) proved the homogeneous and beadless structures of the nanofibers. The antibacterial activity of the 13% PVA/(0.1)% CS/(10, 20, 30) FUC was tested against the S.aureus and E.coli and the results showed that with FUC addition, the antibacterial activities of the nanofibers increased. The biocompatibility test was performed with a fibroblast cell line for 1, 3, and 7 days of incubation and the results demonstrated that FUC addition enhanced the bioactivity of the 13% PVA/(0.1)% CS nanofibers. In addition, the biocompatibility results showed that 13% PVA/(0.1)% CS/10 FUC had the highest viability value for all incubation periods compared to the others. In addition, the tensile test results showed that; the maximum tensile strength value was observed for 13% PVA/(0.1)% CS/10 FUC nanofibers.
GELENEKSEL METALURJİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ, GÜNCEL MALZEME MÜHENDİSLİĞİ VE UYGULAMA ALANLARI
(Bilim ve Teknoloji, 2012-04-13) TEKİN, Erdoğan
Malzemeler tarihin her döneminde uygarlığımızın derinliklerinde yer almıştır. Yaşamımızın her aşamasında malzemeler ile karşılaşmaktayız. Kaşık-çataldan bulaşık makinasına, arabalardan trenlere uçaklara hep malzemeler var. Tarih boyunca toplumların gelişmeleri, toplumların gereksindiği malzemeleri üretme ve kullanma yetilerine bağlı olmuştur. Eski çağlarda da uygarlıklar “tunç çağı” benzeri geliştirdikleri malzemelerin adıyla anılmıştır. Anadolu, M.Ö.5000 öncesinden beri dökümcülüğün anavatanı olmuştur. Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi ile ülkemizdeki diğer müzelerimizde M.Ö. 2800 öncesine dek Hitit, Frig, Lidya ve Urartu dönemlerini kapsayan parça dökümler sergilenmektedir. Daha sonraki Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerine özgü sayısız örnekler de vardır. Tunç, bu dönemlerin en önemli alaşımı olmuştur. Arsenikli bakırdan üretilmiş Hitit güneş çemberi ve geyik heykelcikleri önemli örneklerdir. Bazı dökümlerin gümüş kaplı olması, çok eskiden beri demirdışı metallerin üretilebildiğini ve dökülebildiğini kanıtlamaktadır.
Graded 2D/3D Perovskite Hetero-Structured Films with Suppressed Interfacial Recombination for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells via DABr Treatment
(Molecules, 2023-02-07) Mateen, Muhammad; Shi, Hongxi; Huang, Hao; Li, Ziyu; Ren, Waseem; Rafiq, Muhammad; Shah, Usman Ali; Sajid, Sajid; Ren, Yingke; Park, Jongee; Chi, Dan; Li, Zhangbo; Huang, Shihua
Several strategies and approaches have been reported for improving the resilience and optoelectronic properties of perovskite films. However, fabricating a desirable and stable perovskite absorber layer is still a great challenge due to the optoelectronic and fabrication limitations of the materials. Here, we introduce diethylammonium bromide (DABr) as a post-treatment material for the pre-deposited methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) film to fabricate a high-quality two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) stacked hetero-structure perovskite film. The post-treatment method of DABr not only induces the small crystals of MAPbI3 perovskite secondary growth into a large crystal, but also forms a 2D capping layer on the surface of the 3D MAPbI3 film. Meanwhile, the grains and crystallization of 3D film with DABr post-treatment are significantly improved, and the surface defect density is remarkably reduced, which in turn effectively suppressed the charge recombination in the interface between the perovskite layer and the charge transport layer. The perovskite solar cell based on the DABr-treatment exhibited a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.10% with a notable improvement in the open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.06 V and good stability, advocating the potential of this perovskite post-treatment approach.
Inorganic hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells are catching up
(Materials Today Energy, 2023-10-15) Sajid, Sajid; Alzahmi, Salem; Salem, Imen Ben; Park, Jongee; Obaidat, Ihab M.
More research is required to further optimize device efficiency, stability, and reduce the materials cost as perovskite solar cells (PSCs) approach to industrialization. Modulating the optoelectronic features and chemical coupling of the hole transport materials (HTMs) remains a prominent field of study in PSCs due to the significant impact these materials have on the device performance and stability. In order to speed up the commercialization of these cells, it is also important to use cost-effective HTMs in PSCs. Inorganic-HTMs are superior to other types of HTMs in terms of their advantages in boosting device performance and producing PSCs at a reasonable cost, in addition to their superior charge transport capabilities, desired energy levels, and intrinsic thermal and chemical stability. A detailed overview of inorganic-HTMs, including metal oxides, cyanates, phthalocyanines, chalcogenides, nitrides, and carbides, is presented in this review. After briefly discussing the primary physical and optoelectronic characteristics of inorganic-HTMs, the critical functions of the above-mentioned materials as HTMs in PSCs are addressed. This review concludes by offering suggestions for future research that could considerably boost the performance of the PSCs with cost-effective inorganic-HTMs.
İNSANOĞLUNUN PLASTİK İLE İMTİHANI
(Bilim ve Teknoloji, 2015-05-15) ERGÜN, Cansu
Staudinger’in makromolekülleri keşfetmesi ile başlayan plastik çağı, 1930’lardan bugüne dünyamızı tamamen ele geçirmiş durumda. Günlük yaşamımıza, mesela sabah evden çıkana dek, şöyle bir göz atalım. Banyoda diş fırçası, havlu, saç kurutma makinesi, traş bıçağı, klozet kapağı, sabunluk-diş fırçalıklar. Mutfakta, ısıya dayanıklı plastik kaşıklar, fırın tutacakları, yapışmaz tavalar, su ısıtıcıları, tencere sapları, ocak düğmeleri, beyaz eşya kapakları, yiyecek ambalajları.. Salonda televizyon kumandası (ve hatta artık ekranları), koltuk süngerleri, sandalyeler, pencere pimapenleri. Evden çıkacakken giydiğimiz ayakkabılar, tokalar, kıyafetler, ceketler. Bunlar evde kullandığımız plastiklerin sadece bir bölümü.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO IMGI DUMP-SITE HYDROLOGY, SUB-SURFACE WATER AMD AND SOIL/MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TO ASSESS BASELINE DATA AND THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL TO SOO-YOUNG RIVER
(The International Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2008-07-20) BHATTACHARYA, Jayanta; YIM, Gil Jae; JI, Sang Woo; LEE, Hyeon Seok; MIN, Jeong Sık; CHEONG, Young Wook
Dump site leachates, augmented by surface oxidation and solubilization of cations and anions, and are causing widespread distribution of potential pollutants to the Imgi stream. This study examines the surface physical, geochemical and hydrological characteristics to assess the release of various metals and sulfate. The study also examines the surface water transport of selected ions in the stream to assess non-reactive and sedimentation prospects of different ions. Further, The local soil characterization vis-a-vis unaltered soil was also made to determine the pyhsical degradation.
Lead-Free Perovskite Homojunction-Based HTM-Free Perovskite Solar Cells: Theoretical and Experimental Viewpoints
(Nanomaterials, 2023-03-08) Sajid, Sajid; Alzahmi, Salem; Salem, Imen Ben; Park, Jongee; Obaidat, Ihab M.
Simplifying the design of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has drawn a lot of interest due to their low manufacturing cost and relative non-toxic nature. Focus has been placed mostly on reducing the toxic lead element and eliminating the requirement for expensive hole transport materials (HTMs). However, in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE), the PSCs using all charge transport materials surpass the environmentally beneficial HTM-free PSCs. The low PCEs of the lead-free HTM-free PSCs could be linked to poorer hole transport and extraction as well as lower light harvesting. In this context, a lead-free perovskite homojunction-based HTM-free PSC was investigated, and the performance was then assessed using a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). A two-step method was employed to fabricate lead-free perovskite homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs in order to validate the simulation results. The simulation results show that high hole mobility and a narrow band gap of cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) boosted the hole collection and absorption spectrum, respectively. Additionally, the homojunction’s built-in electric field, which was identified using SCAPS simulations, promoted the directed transport of the photo-induced charges, lowering carrier recombination losses. Homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs having a CsSnI3 layer with a thickness of 100 nm, defect density of 1015 cm−3, and interface defect density of 1018 cm−3 were found to be capable of delivering high PCEs under a working temperature of 300 K. When compared to formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3)-based devices, the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and PCE of FASnI3/CsSnI3 homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs were all improved from 0.66 to 0.78 V, 26.07 to 27.65 mA cm−2, 76.37 to 79.74%, and 14.62 to 19.03%, respectively. In comparison to a FASnI3-based device (PCE = 8.94%), an experimentally fabricated device using homojunction of FASnI3/CsSnI3 performs better with Voc of 0.84 V, Jsc of 22.06 mA cm−2, FF of 63.50%, and PCE of 11.77%. Moreover, FASnI3/CsSnI3-based PSC is more stable over time than its FASnI3-based counterpart, preserving 89% of its initial PCE. These findings provide promising guidelines for developing highly efficient and environmentally friendly HTM-free PSCs based on perovskite homojunction.

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