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Item 10. KALKINMA PLANI HEDEFLERİ VE NÜKLEER SANTRALLER(Bilim ve Teknoloji, 2013-09-06) BALKU, ŞaziyeTürkiye Cumhuriyeti 10. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018) resmi hazırlık süreci 5 Haziran 2012 tarihli 14 sayılı Başbakanlık Genelgesiyle başlatılmış ve kurulan Özel İhtisas Komisyonları arasında Enerji Güvenliği ve Verimliliği de yer almıştır. Komisyonu oluşturan akademisyenler, kamu kurum ve kuruluşları ile özel sektör ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının temsilcileri enerji arz güvenliği, fiyatlarının yüksekliği ve belirsizliği, çevresel sorunlar, iklim değişikliği, yüksek yatırımda finansman ihtiyacı, enerjinin verimsiz kullanılması, dışa bağımlılığı gibi temel sorunlar ve gelişmeler göz önünde tutularak, ülkemiz enerji sektörü için durum analizi yapmak, bir vizyon geliştirmek ve yol haritası oluşturmak üzere çalışmalarını sürdürmüşler ve mevcut durumun değerlendirmesi, sektördeki gelişme eğilimleri ve muhtemel yansımaları, geleceğe dönük beklentiler, güçlü ve zayıf taraflar, fırsatlar-tehditler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, politika ve strateji önerileri ile plana katkıda bulunmuşlardır.Article A novel comfort temperature determination model based on psychology of the participants for educational buildings in a temperate climate zone(Journal of Building Engineering, 2023-10-01) Özbey, Mehmet Furkan; Turhan, CihanMaintaining thermal comfort in the educational buildings is vital due to the impacts on learning effectiveness of students. Therefore, development of a proper comfort temperature in educational buildings is a must. In naturally ventilated and mixed-mode buildings, the adaptive thermal comfort model, which considers additively psychological, and behavioural factors to the Fanger's PMV/PPD model, is commonly applied based on regression analyses. However, the psychological adjustments based on current mood state are very limited in these adaptive thermal comfort models. Therefore, this study focuses on the psychological adjustments in terms of Profile of Mood States in order to predict comfort temperature of students in a case building. The experiments are conducted in a university on a temperate climate zone for a long period-data including both heating and cooling seasons. In this study, the comfort temperatures for each student are determined via Griffith method for the case building. Moreover, the current mood states of students are assessed utilizing the Profile of Mood States survey, which are collected via a developed mobile application. As a conclusion, the relation between the current mood state of the students and comfort temperature are statistically investigated. The results show that a Griffith constant are found as 0.332/K and mean annual comfort temperature is found as 21.32 °C in the case building. Additionally, a significant difference is found in the comfort temperatures among the students who have more, or fewer concerns than typically reported. The novelty of the study is to present a comfort temperature determination model which considers human psychology as a starter study in the literature.Article A Novel Data-Driven Model for the Effect of Mood State on Thermal Sensation(Buildings, 2023-06-29) Turhan, Cihan; Özbey, Mehmet Furkan; Çeter, Aydın Ege; Akkurt, Gülden GökçenThermal comfort has an important role in human life, considering that people spend most of their lives in indoor environments. However, the necessity of ensuring the thermal comfort of these people presents an important problem, calculating the thermal comfort accurately. The assessment of thermal comfort has always been problematic, from past to present, and the studies conducted in this field have indicated that there is a gap between thermal comfort and thermal sensation. Although recent studies have shown an effort to take human psychology into account more extensively, these studies just focused on the physiological responses of the human body under psychological disturbances. On the other hand, the mood state of people is one of the most significant parameters of human psychology. Thus, this paper investigated the effect of occupants’ mood states on thermal sensation; furthermore, it introduced a novel “Mood State Correction Factor” (MSCF) to the existing thermal comfort model. To this aim, experiments were conducted at a mixed-mode building in a university between 15 August 2021 and 15 August 2022. Actual Mean Vote (AMV) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used to examine the effect of mood state on thermal sensation. The outcomes of this study showed that in the mood states of very pessimistic and very optimistic, the occupants felt warmer than the calculated one and the MSCFs are calculated as −0.125 and −0.114 for the very pessimistic and very optimistic mood states, respectively. It is worth our time to note that the experiments in this study were conducted during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic and the results of this study could differ in different cultural backgrounds.Article An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Mitigating the Impact of Urban Heat Islands on Energy Consumption and Thermal Comfort of Residential Buildings(Sustainability, 2023-06-16) Turhan, Cihan; Atalay, Ali Serdar; Akkurt, Gülden GökçenUrban heat island (UHI) is a zone that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural zones as a result of human activities and rapid and dense urbanization. Excessive air temperature due to the UHI phenomenon affects the energy performance of buildings and human health and contributes to global warming. Knowing that most of the building energy is consumed by residential buildings, therefore, developing a framework to mitigate the impact of the UHI on residential building energy performance is vital. This study develops an integrated framework that combines hybrid micro-climate and building energy performance simulations and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. As a case study, an urban area is analyzed under the Urban GreenUP project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme. Four different strategies to mitigate the UHI effect, including the current situation, changing the low-albedo materials with high-albedo ones, nature-based solutions, and changing building façade materials, are investigated with a micro-climatic simulation tool. Then, the output of the strategies, which is potential air temperature, is used in a dynamic building energy simulation software to obtain energy consumption and thermal comfort data of the residential buildings in the case area. Finally, a multi-criteria decision-making model, using real-life criteria, such as total energy consumption, thermal comfort, capital cost, lifetime and installation flexibility, is used to make a decision for decreasing the UHI effect on residential energy performance of buildings. The results showed that applying NBSs, such as green roofs and changing existing trees with high leaf area density ones, have the highest ranking among all mitigation strategies. The output of this study may help urban planners, architects, and engineers in the decision-making processes during the design phase of urban planning.Item Assessment of criticality and burn up behavior of candu reactors with nuclear waste trans uranium fuel(Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2012-04-23) ŞAHİN, Sümer; AHMED, Rizwan; KHAN, Mohammed JavedLarge quantities of nuclear waste plutonium and minor actinides (MAs) have been accumulated in the civilian light water reactors (LWRs) and CANDU reactors. These trans uranium (TRU) elements are all fissionable, and thus can be considered as fissile fuel materials in form of mixed fuel with thorium or nat uranium in the latter. CANDU fuel compacts made of tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) type pellets would withstand very high burn ups without fuel change. As carbide fuels allow higher fissile material density than oxide fuels, following fuel compositions have been selected for investigations: ① 90% nat-UC þ 10% TRUC, ② 70% nat-UC þ 30% TRUC and ③ 50% nat UC þ 50% TRUC. Higher TRUC charge leads to longer power plant operation periods without fuel change. The behavior of the criticality kN and the burn up values of the reactor have been pursued by full power operation for > w12 years. For these selected fuel compositions, the reactor criticality starts by kN ¼ 1.4443, 1.4872 and 1.5238, where corresponding reactor operation times and burn up values have been calculated as 2.8 years, 8 years and 12.5 years, and 62, 430 MW.D/MT, 176,000 and 280,000 MW.D/ MT, with fuel consumption rates of w16, 5.68 and 3.57 g/MW.D respectively. These high burn ups would reduce the nuclear waste mass per unit energy output drastically. The study has show clearly that TRU in form of TRISO fuel pellets will provide sufficient criticality as well as reasonable burn up for CANDU reactors in order to justify their consideration as alternative fuel.Item Atılan 1 Ton Çöp Değil 1 MW Elektrik(2022-02-09) Devrim, Yılser; Sağlam, ArifeMaddenin katı, sıvı, gaz ve plazma olmak üzere dört hali olduğu bilinmektedir. Maddenin plazma hali bir enerji kaynağı olarak görüldüğünden maddenin diğer üç halinden ayrı tutulmaktadır. Plazma teknolojisi ilk olarak 1929 yılında Amerikalı bilim adamı Irving Langmuir tarafından elektrik deşarjı sırasında salınım yapan elektron bulutunu tanımlamak üzere “plazma” teriminin kullanması ile başladı.Item Commercial utilization of weapon grade plutonium as TRISO fuel in conventional CANDU reactors(Energy Conversion and Management, 2012-06-15) ŞAHİN, Sümer; ŞAHİN, Hacı Mehmet; ACIR, AdemLarge quantities of weapon grade (WG) plutonium have been accumulated in the nuclear warheads. Plutonium and heavy water moderator can give a good combination with respect to neutron economy. TRISO type fuel can withstand very high fuel burn up levels. The paper investigates the prospects of uti lization of TRISO fuel made of WG-plutonium in CANDU reactors. Three different fuel compositions have been investigated: (1): 90% ThC + 10% PuC, (2): 70% ThC + 30% PuC and (3): 50% ThC + 50% PuC. The temporal variation of the criticality k1 and the burn-up values of the reactor have been calculated by full power operation up to 17 years. Calculated startup criticalities for these fuel modes are k1,0 = 1.6403, 1.7228 and 1.7662, respectively. Attainable burn up values and reactor operation times without new fuel charge will be 94 700, 265 000 and 425 000 MW.D/MT and along with continuous operation periods of 3.5, 10 and 17 years, respec tively, for the corresponding modes. These high burn ups would reduce fuel fabrication costs and nuclear waste mass for final disposal per unit energy drastically.Article Computing reliability indices of a wind power system via Markov chain modelling of wind speed(Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability, 2024-02) Eryılmaz, Serkan; Bulanık, İrem; Devrim, YılserStatistical modelling of wind speed is of great importance in the evaluation of wind farm performance and power production. Various models have been proposed in the literature depending on the corresponding time scale. For hourly observed wind speed data, the dependence among successive wind speed values is inevitable. Such a dependence has been well modelled by Markov chains. In this paper, the use of Markov chains for modelling wind speed data is discussed in the context of the previously proposed likelihood ratio test. The main steps for Markov chain based modelling methodology of wind speed are presented and the limiting distribution of the Markov chain is utilized to compute wind speed probabilities. The computational formulas for reliability indices of a wind farm consisting of a specified number of wind turbines are presented through the limiting distribution of a Markov chain. A case study that is based on real data set is also presented.Item Editorial notes on the 2012 International Youth Nuclear Congress (IYNC), Charlotte, North Carolina, USA (5–11 August 2012)(Energy Conversion and Management, 2012-08-05) ŞAHİN, SümerPrimary purpose of the International Youth Nuclear Congress (IYNC) series is to transfer knowledge from the current generation of leading scientists and engineers to the next generation. Scien tific, political, public and corporate views regarding the develop ment of different nuclear issues are presented to provide comprehensive discussions on all sides of the subject. With this aim, The 2012 International Youth Nuclear Congress has been held in Charlotte, North Carolina. IYNC2012 was focused on the use of nuclear energy more than ever after the accident at Fukushima power plant and also in the framework of the nuclear renaissance in many developing countries and world powers as well. IYNC2012 offered the opportunity to share knowledge, experience, best prac tices and information about nuclear energy between generations and also between peers in the ongoing mission to promote the peaceful use of nuclear power.Item Editor’s notes on ICENES’2013, 16th International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems(Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2015-08-05) ŞAHİN, SümerThe 16th ICENES 2013 was held in Madrid (Spain) on May 26e 30, 2013, by Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (UPM), according to a scientific tradition of 35 years, started in 1978 as an autono mous, self-organized event, when a group of independent nuclear scientists met in Graz, Austria in order to find new routes for improving the use of the immense energy of the atomic nucleus. Throughout the years, ICENES became a very important series of well established conferences and acted as an open forum for inno vation and challenges in the field as long as they were based on sound deliberations and were addressing the key issue of providing energy for humankind.Item Editor’s Report on NURER2012, The III. International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources, _ Istanbul, Türkiye (20–23rd May 2012)(Energy Conversion and Management, 2012-05-22) ŞAHİN, SümerThe Journal of Energy Conversion and Management covers a wide range of topics related to energy such as the energy efficiency and management; heat pipes; thermo-siphons and capillary pumped loops; thermal management of spacecraft; space and terrestrial power systems; hydrogen production and storage; renewable energy; nuclear power; conventional power; single and combined cycles; miniaturized energy conversion and power systems; fuel cells and advanced batteries; biomass, and water management and desalinationItem ‘‘EDITOR’S REPORT’’, IREC 2011, The International Renewable Energy Congress, Hammamet, Tunisia(Energy Conversion and Management, 2011-12-22) ŞAHİN, SümerThe Journal of Energy Conversion and Management covers a wide range of topics related to energy such as the energy efficiency and management; heat pipes; thermo-siphons and capillary pumped loops; thermal management of spacecraft; space and ter restrial power systems; hydrogen production and storage; renew able energy; nuclear power; single and combined cycles; miniaturized energy conversion and power systems; fuel cells and advanced batteries; and water management and desalination.Item EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ GÜNEŞ ENERJİSİ ENSTİTÜSÜNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEN TEKNOLOJİK GELİŞMELER(Atılım Üniversitesi, 2008-12-17) İÇLİ, SıddıkItem Energy multiplication and fissile fuel breeding limits of accelerator-driven systems with uranium and thorium targets(International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015-01-25) ŞAHİN, Sümer; ŞARER, Başar; ÇELİK, YurdunazThe study analyses the integral 233U and 239Pu breeding rates, neutron multiplication ratio through (n,xn)- and fission-reactions, heat release, energy multiplication and consequently the energy gain factor in infinite size thorium and uranium as breeder material in an accelerator driven systems (ADS), irradiated by a 1-GeV proton source. Energy gain factor has been calculated as Menergy ¼ 1.67, 4.03 and 5.45 for thorium, depleted uranium (100% 238U) and natural uranium, respectively, where the infinite criticality values are k∞ ¼ 0.40, 0.752 and 0.816. Fissile fuel material production is calculated as 53 232Th(n,g) 233U, 80.24 and 90.65 238U(n,g) 239Pu atoms per incident proton, respectively. The neutron spectrum maximum is by ~1 MeV. Lower energy neutrons E < 1 MeV have major contribution on fissile fuel material breeding (>97.5%), whereas their share on energy multiplication is negligible (0.2%) for thorium, depleted uranium. Major fission events occur in the energy interval 1MeV < E < 50 MeV.Item ENERJİ ÜRETİMİNDE ARITMA ÇAMURLARININ ÖNEMİ(Bilim ve Teknoloji, 2015-09-29) BALKU, Şaziye; SAĞLAMCI, Mehmetİnsanların sağlıklı ve sosyal bir çevrede yaşayabilmeleri için enerji talebinin sürekli, güvenilir, kaliteli ve ekonomik bir şekilde karşılanabilmesi gerekmektedir. 2012 yılı verilerine göre dünya enerji üretiminin yaklaşık % 87’si, ülkemizin ise yaklaşık % 88’i fosil kaynaklıdır. Bilindiği üzere ülkemiz fosil kaynaklar bakımından, özellikle doğal gaz ve petrol açısından, dışarıya bağımlıdır. Son yıllarda ithal kömüre dayalı santraller kurulmakta olup, ülkemizin kömür ithalatının da artması beklenmektedir. 2014 yılı sonu itibarıyla (geçici değerler), 41.801,8 MW’ı termik, 23.643,2 MW’ı hidrolik, 404,9 MW’ı jeotermal, 3.629,7 MW’ı rüzgâr ve 40,2 MW’ı güneş olmak üzere Türkiye’nin toplam kurulu gücü 69.519,8 MW’a ulaşmıştır. Yine aynı yılda elektrik enerjisi talebi bir önceki yıla göre yaklaşık % 3,7’lik bir artış ile 255,5 milyar kWh, puant güç talebi ise 41.002,9 MW olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Toplam 250,4 Milyar kWh üretim gerçekleştirilirken, 7,8 Milyar kWh ithalat yapılmış, arz edilen toplam elektrik enerjisinden 2,7 Milyar kWh ihracat gerçekleştirilmiştir (1). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanılarak yapılan üretimde, özellikle hidrolik enerjide -kurulu kapasite yüksek görünse de doğal koşullara bağımlılık nedeni ile fiili üretimde payları daha düşüktür.Item Evaluation of integral quantities in an accelerator driven system using different nuclear models implemented in the MCNPX Monte Carlo transport code(Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2012-07-27) ŞARER, Başar; ŞAHİN, Sümer; ÇELİK, Yurdunaz; GÜNAY, MehtapThe MCNPX code offers options based on physics packages; the Bertini, ISABEL, INCL4 intra-nuclear mod els, and Dresner, ABLA evaporation–fission models and CEM2k cascade-exciton model. This study ana lyzes the main quantities determining ADS performance, such as neutron yield, neutron leakage spectra, heating and neutron and proton spectra in the target and in the beam window calculated by the MCNPX-2.5.0 Monte Carlo transport code, which is a combination of LAHET and MCNP codes. The results obtained by simulating different models cited above and implemented in MCNPX are compared with each other. The investigated system is composed of a natural lead cylindrical target and stainless steel (HT9) beam window. The target has been optimized to produce maximum number of neutrons with a radius of 20 cm and 70 cm of height. The target is bombarded with a high intensity linear accelerator by a 1 GeV, 1 mA proton beam. The protons are assumed uniformly distributed across the beam of radius 3 cm, and entering the target through a hole of 5.3 cm radius. The proton beam has an outer radius of 5.3 cm and an inner radius of 5.0 cm. The maximum value of the neutron flux in the target is observed on the axis 10 cm below the beam window, where the maximum difference between 7 different models is 15%. The total neutron leakage of the target calculated with the Bertini/ABLA is 1.83 1017 n/s, and is about 14% higher than the value calculated by the INCL4/Dresner (1.60 1017 n/s). Bertini/ABLA calcu lates top, bottom and side neutron leakage fractions as 20%, 2.3%, 77.6% of the total leakage, respectively, whereas, the calculated fractions are 18.6%, 2.3%, 79.4%, respectively, with INCL4/Dresner combination. The largest heat deposition density by considering all particles in the beam window calculated with CEM2k model is 104 W/cm3 /mA, which is 9.0% greater than the lowest value predicted with INCL4/Dres ner model (95.4 W/cm3 /mA). The maximum average heat deposition density for all particles in the target is calculated as 6.87 W/cm3 /mA with INCL4/ABLA.Article Experimental and modeling studies of a high-temperature electrochemical hydrogen compressor(International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024-01) Bulanık Durmuş, Gizem Nur; Kuzu, Cemil; Devrim, Yılser; Çolpan, C. ÖzgürSome non-technical factors such as economics and logistics prevent hydrogen (H2) technologies from becoming more widespread in daily life. Today, the prevalence of H2 technologies requires new technological developments. Electrochemical hydrogen compressors (ECHC) are of great interest due to their ability to pressurize and purify in one step. In this study, the electrochemical H2 compression performance of high phosphoric acid (PA) doped poly 2,2-m-phenylene-5,5-benzimidazole (PBI) membrane-based HT-ECHC under high temperature and non-humid conditions was investigated through both an experimental and a numerical approach. The H2 compression capacity of HT-ECHC at different operating voltages was examined by performance tests at 160 °C, and it was determined that the electrochemical compression performance increased with increasing operating voltage. It was observed that the current density values also increased with increasing voltage, and it was determined that a current density of 61.2 A was obtained at 1 V. As a result of the tests, H2 was successfully compressed from atmospheric pressure to 60 bar by HT-ECHC without any gas leakage. The results of the developed model were compared with the experimental performance test data, and the variation of molar flow, cell voltage, and cell efficiency over time was examined. It has been determined that the back diffusion from the cathode to the anode in the cell increases with the increasing operating voltage of HT-ECHC and therefore the cell efficiency decreases. It has been evaluated that the developed model and experimental results are in good agreement.Article Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Graphene-Supported PtRu Electrocatalyst for High-Temperature Electrochemical Hydrogen Purification(International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023-06-26) Bal, İlay Bilge; Durmuş, Gizem Nur Bulanık; Devrim, YılserThe main aim of this study is to investigate the high-temperature electrochemical hydrogen purification (HT-ECHP) performances of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) support material decorated with platinum (Pt) and platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) nanoparticles prepared by microwave irradiation technique. Prepared catalysts coupled to the phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane for HT-ECHP application. The structural and electrochemical properties of the catalysts were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transition electron microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses. The characterization results indicate that the catalysts provided the necessary properties for HT-ECHP application. The HT-ECHP performances are investigated with reformate gas mixture containing hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the range of 140–180 °C. The results show that the electrochemical purification performances of the catalysts increase with increasing operating temperature. The highest H2 purification performance is obtained with PtRu/GNP catalyst. The high electrochemical H2 purification performance of the PtRu/GNP catalyst can be attributed to the strong synergistic interactions between Pt and Ru particles decorated on the GNP. These results advocate that the PtRu/GNP catalyst is a hopeful catalyst for HT-ECHP application.Article Gender inequity in thermal sensation based on emotional intensity for participants in a warm mediterranean climate zone(International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2023-03-01) Çeter, Aydın Ege; Özbey, Mehmet Furkan; Turhan, CihanThe deficiencies of the one of the most preferred conventional thermal comfort models, the Predicted Mean Vote/Percentage of Predicted Dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) method have emerged over time since the model does not take psychological parameters such as personal traits, mood states and adaptation into account. Therefore, researchers have focused on Adaptive Thermal Comfort models that integrate human behaviours into the model for better prediction of thermal comfort. In addition to the influence of the behaviours of occupants, thermal comfort may be evaluated as a subjective term, thus, the effect of one of the psychological parameters, current mood state, on thermal sensation cannot be ignored for predictions. Although, the effect of current mood state on thermal sensation is a vital concept, the findings of the studies are not effective and comprehensive in the literature. For this reason, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between current mood state and thermal sensation in gender difference aspect. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted in a university study hall between August 16th, 2021 and August 1st, 2022. The current mood states of the participants were evaluated with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the results were represented by a novel approach called Emotional Intensity Score (EIS). One tailed t-test was applied for investigating the relationship between the EIS and the thermal sensation. Findings of the research showed that a significant association exists between the EIS and thermal sensation for male participants while no relationship was found for female.Article Green hydrogen based off-grid and on-grid hybrid energy systems(International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023-12-25) Ceylan, Ceren; Devrim, YılserThis study aims to evaluate a green hydrogen (H2) based hybrid energy system (HES) from solar and wind renewable energy sources. The proposed HES contains PV panels, wind turbines and a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer. Meteorology data such as solar radiation, temperature and wind speed were obtained from Atilim University Incek Campus Meteorology Station (Ankara, Turkey). The designed HES has been examined as both grid-connected and off-grid. In the grid-connected system, the electricity requirement of the load is supplied by the sun and wind, and the surplus energy produced is stored by producing H2 using an electrolyzer. In the off-grid HES, the electricity requirement of the load is completely provided by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this system, the electrolyzer produces the H2 needed by the PEMFC with the energy provided by solar and wind energy. According to the results, 20,186 kWh of energy is produced annually in the on-grid and 3273 sm3 of H2 is stored. The off-grid system is investigated for Design-1 and Design-2 using two different wind turbine (WT) rated power. In Design-1 and Design-2, annually 95,145 kWh and 83,511 kWh of energy are produced annually 17,942 sm3 and 14,370 sm3 H2 are stored, respectively. When the on-grid and off-grid systems are examined; levelized cost of energy (LCOE) was calculated as 0.223 $/kWh for the on-grid system and 0.416 $/kWh and 0.410 $/kWh for Design-1 and Design-2 for off-grid systems, respectively.