RIZA ŞAH DÖNEMİNDE İRAN-ALMANYA SİYASAL KÜLTÜRAL İLİŞKİLERİ
Date
2015-12-23
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Abstract
Birinci Dünya savaşı sırasında, İran’da bulunan Ruslar ve İngilizlerin karşısına çıkan yeni
engel yeni ayak tutan İran ve Almanya ilişkileriydi. Naseredin Şah Rusya’nın İran’ın kuzey ve
kuzey batısından ilerlemesini azaltmak için Almanya’nın ayağını ülkeye açtı. Bu dönemde
Almanya’nın İran’ın dış siyasetinin gelecekteki planlar için odak haline gelmesinin tek sebebi
Bismark ve onun Almanya’nın dış politikasındaki başarısıydı. Bismark bu dönemde Almanya’yı
birleşik hale getirmek ve Avrupa devletleri ile ilişkisini geliştirmek için elinden geleni
yapıyordu.
Rıza Şah'ın 1925 yılında saltanata gelmesiyle İran’ın dış siyasetinde yeni bir dönem
başladı. Başlangıçta, Almanya’nın birinci dünya savaşında yenilmesiyle İran devleti dış yatırımı
artmak ve siyasi desteğinin güçlenmesi için Amerika’ya yöneldiler ancak Amerika o dönemde
kendiside siyasi izolasyondaydı. Faransa’ya da bakıldığında, kuzey Afrika ve Avusturya ve
balkanlar ile meşgul olmuştu ve bir tek Almanya İran’ın kurtarıcısı gibi görünüyordu.
Ayrıca, bu dönemde İran ciddi bir mali ve ekonomik reforma ihtiyaç duymaktaydı. Tabii
ki hiç bir yabancı ülke diğerinden bir yarar beklemeden başka devletin yardımına gelmez ve
ilişiklerde kazançlar ön plana çıkar. 1914 yılında Birinci Dünya Savaşının başlamasıyla İran ve
Almanya arasındaki işbirliği yinede bu iki ülkeyi birbirine yakınlaştırdı. Ancak savaşın askeri ve
siyasi sonucu her iki ülke için başarılı değildi, fakat savaşta iki ülkenin işbirliği bu iki devletin
ilişkilerini iyice geliştirdi.
Aynı zamanda; Rusya’nın siyasi izolasyonu ve 1917 devrimi İngilizlerin İran’a yoğun bir
şekilde girmelerine sebep oldu. Dönemin süper güçleri özellikle, Almanya, Rusya ve İngiltere
kendi kazançları için İran’a girmişlerdir. İngilizler ve Rusların İran’da geçmiş yıllardaki kötü
sömürgeci siyasetlerine bakıldığında, İran yöneticilerin ve halklının tek umudu Almanya olarak
gözüküyordu. İran devleti Avrupa'da sömürge beklentisi olmayan güçlü bir devlet peşindeyken
Almanya’yla diplomatik ve siyasi ilişkiler kurmaya başladı. Hiç bir sömürgeci geçmişi olmayan
ayrıca endüstriyel ve ekonomik gelişimi bu ülkenin avantajlarına ekliyordu.
Rıza Şah’ın tek amacı ülkeyi Sovyetler Birliği ve İngilizlerin nüfuzu altından çıkarmak,
siyasi ve ekonomik konularda bağımsız olmaktı. Bu amaçlara ulaşmak için ülkeyi
sanayileştirme, Milli Banka açmak, İran uzmanlarına eğitim vermek, çeşitli fabrikalar açmak,
irtibat hatlarını genişletmek peşindeyken Almanlarla işbirliği yapmaya başladı.
Rıza Şah, saraylar, kraliyet konuk evleri hükümet binaları, ülke çapında ordu üsleri ve bir
silah fabrikası kurmak için endüstriyel aletler ve makinelere ve uzmanlara ihtiyaç duymaktaydı
ve Almanlar da bütün ihtiyaçları Rıza şah için kolay koşullarla karşıladılar.
Almanların, İran’a girmesi yeni gelişen sanayileri için hammadde sağlamak ve
İngilizlerin İran’da pazarı kaybetmek anlamına geliyordu. Ancak, İran’da Almanya’nın
ekonomik nüfuzu komünizmin yayılmasını engelliyordu. Ayrıca Almanya buradan elde ettiği
kazanç ile ittifak devletlerinin birinci dünya savaşından ortaya çıkan borçlarını ödeyebilir
durumuna geliyordu.
Rıza şah Almanya’nın düzenli ordusunu görüp tutkuyla Almanya ile askeri konular başta
olmak üzere siyasi ve ekonomik ilişkilerini de pekiştirdi. Rıza şah güçlü devletleri seviyordu ve
dünyada yeni yıldızı parlayan Hitler’e hayranlık duyuyordu.
Almanya’da Nazilerin diktatör rejimi güçlendiği zaman İran ve Almanya ilişkileri
genişledi. Bu doğrultuda Rıza Şah Berlin’de Nazilerin vasıtasıyla İran’ın siyasi muhaliflerinin
faaliyetlerini kontrol altına alıp ve komünizmin genişlemesini engelliyordu.
Bunlara ilaveten Rıza Şah dönemine İran ve Almanya ilişkileri çeşitli ilkelere
dayanmaktaydı:
İran toplumunun İngilizler ve Ruslardan nefret etmesi
Rıza Şahın diktatör ve hırslı olması (Hitler gibi)
İranlı’ların İngilizler tarafından komünizm ile mücadeleye teşvik olması
İran Askeri güçlerinin yenilmesi ve İran devletine karşı bağlanan antlaşmalar
Almanların Ruslar ve İngilizlerle olan açık düşmanlığı
Almanya’nın doğu ve İran pazarına girmek istekleri, Çünkü İran doğu’ya giriş kalesiydi
Birinci ve ikinci dünya savaşları döneminde İran ve Almanya ilişkilerine büyük bir tablo
olarak bakıldığında aslında İran’ın daha kazançlı olduğunu görmek mümkündür. İran devleti
Rusların baskılarını ve İran kuzeyindeki Rus ilerlemesini önlemek için Almanya’yı çok iyi bir
şekilde kullandı. Ayrıca, Almanlar sanayi ve ekonomik konusunda çok ileri bir düzeye sahiplerdi
ve bu İngiltere ve Rusya’nın İran’da ticaret pazarında yeni bir rakiplerinin olduğu anlamına
gelmekteydi. Artık, Ruslar kalitesiz ürünlerini istedikleri fiyata satamamaktaydılar. Çünkü
Almanya’nın ürünleri çok kaliteli ve ucuz fiyattaydı. Bu konu Almanya’yı Avrupa’da komünizm
önünde bir engel olarak gören İngilizler için o kadar da önemli değildi. İran ve Almanya arasında
bir ortak noktada her ikisinin Arı ırkından olma söylemi idi.
Bu konu sosyal açıdan iki ülkenin evlilik konusundaki yasağı kaldırdı. Almanya’nın
İran’da var olması ve iki ülke arasında yapılan anlaşmalar Alman mühendislerinin ve bilim
adamlarının İran’a gelmesini sağladı. Bu da İran’da çeşitli şehirlerde halen de kullanılan
üniversite, Fen liseleri, okullar ve önemli devlet binalarının yapılışını ardından getirdi. Bunlarla
birlikte bu dönemde Alman yapımı baskı makinelerinin İran’a gelmesiyle devletten yana olan ve
devlete karşı olan çeşitli dergilerin yayılmasında önemli bir artış gözlemlendi. Aynı zamanda
İran dışındaki dergiler ve İran Alman dostluk derneklerinin açılması İran tarihinin Avrupa’daki
kültürel ve tanıtım açısında önemli rol oynamıştır. Askeri açıdan bu dönemde İran ordusu
tecrübeli Alman komutanlığında eğitim alma fırsatını bulmuştur. Bu dönemlerde Alman
mühendisler ve bilim adamları sayesinde ve onların sundukları katkılarla İran sanayileşmeye
doğru yol almaya başlamıştır. İlk defa bu dönemde yabancı bir firma İran şehirlerarasında uçak
seferleri başlattı.
İran’ın 1920 ile 1924 yılları arasında Almanya’ya ihracat oranı sıfırdan %32’ye ve
Almanya 1940 ile 1941 yılı arasında İran’la olan ticaretinde %6.42 ithalat ve %9.47 ihracat
oranına sahip olmuştur.
Almanlar Tebriz ve Trabzon arasındaki önemli demiryolunun başlamasında temel
oluşturdular. 1929 yılında da ülkede kendi havayollarını kurup ve yatırımlarla İran devletinin
dikkatini çektiler.
1931 yılında İran’daki Almanların sayısını 10000 civarında olduğunu söylenmekteydi.
Ancak İran devleti onların İran sanayi için hizmet amaçlı geldiklerini ve onların sayısını 690 kişi
olduğunu söylüyordu.
1931 yılında İran ve Almanya ilişkileri, Berlin’de İran’ın siyasi muhaliflerinin faaliyetleri
sonucu, sermayenin yabancı elinde tekelleşmesi, İran Milli Bankası’nın iflası ve hortumlanması
nedeniyle kötüye gitti. Sonra 1935 yılında hazırlama birimi antlaşmasıyla iki ülkenin ilişkileri
özellikle ticari ilişkileri genişledi.
Yukarıda geçen tüm bu konular ve ilişkiler bir yana dursun, Almanya’nın İran’a karşı
unutulmaz bir jesti olmuştur. Almanya İkinci Dünya Savası sonunda bir çok cephede yenilmesi
ve kaybetmesine rağmen, Brest Litovsk sulh antlaşmasında İran’dan çıkışını İran’ın
Bağımsızlığının, Eğemenliğinin ve toprak bütünlüğünün İngilizler ve Ruslar tarafından
tanınmasını şart koşmuştur.
Bu tabloya böyle bakıldığında İran’ın Almanya’dan kazançları kalıcı olup ancak,
Almanya için aynı şeyi söylemek mümkün değildir.
Description
Reza Shah of Iran-Germany Political Cultural Relations
ABSTRACT: During the First World War Germany and Iran holding up new relationships and it is appear as the new problems against the Russians and the British Relations in Iran. Nasreddin Shah opened the way for the entry of Germany to İran to reduce the progression of Russia in Iran's northern and north-west. During this period, İran's only reason to bring Germany into the focus for the future plans of Iran's foreign policy was Germany’s success of the Bismarck foreign policy. In this period Bismarck was doing his utmost to improve relations with the European states and making united Germany. Reza Shah began a new era with the coming reign in Iran's foreign policy in 1925. Initially, because of Germany's defeated in the first world war, Iranian government for increasing foreign investment turned to America for the strengthening of political support, but America at that time was in political isolation. In these times, France was in North Africa and Australia and has been engaged with the Balkans and Iran seemed to be one of Germany's savior. Also, this period was need of a serious financial and economic reform in Iran. Of course, no foreign country does not any thing without benefit waiting from other states for assistance and other countries interests in relation to earnings foreground. In 1914 at start of the First World War the cooperation between Iran and Germany again brought the two countries closer together. Military and political results of the war were not successful for both countries, but cooperation between the two countries in the war which sharpened the relations of the two states. At the same time; Russia's political isolation and the 1917 revolution has caused the British to enter an intensive in Iran. Super powers of the era, especially Germany, Russia and the Britania have entered Iran for its earnings. When the British and the Russians looked to their past bad colonial politics in Iran, the only hope of the Iranian rulers and the public was seen as Germany. Iran in pursuit a strong state which without colonial expectations in Europe, began to establish diplomatic and political relations with Germany. Germany’s further industrial and economic development and the history of without any colonial of this country, added to its advantages. Reza Shah's the sole purpose was to be independent and remove of the country from of the influence of the British and Soviet Union political and economic issues. Reza Shah to achieve this objective and Industrialize the country pursuit of to opening of National Bank, provide training to the Iranian expert, open several factories, to expand the contact line began to cooperate with the Germans. Reza Shah for build palaces, royal inns government buildings, military bases and to set up a weapons factory across the country was in need to specialized industrial tools and machines and Germans meet all these needs with easy conditions. Entrance of Germans to Iran meant provide raw materials for emerging industries and for British meant to lose the Iranian market. However, Germany's economic influence preventing the spread of communism in Iran. In addition to the benefits which accrue from Iran, Germany, which emerges from the first world war the alliance government came to pay their debt situation. Reza Shah saw the Germany's regular army and has expanded military issues and particularly in political and economic relations with Germany. Reza Shah was love powerful states and admired Hitler's new shining star in the world. When the dictator regime of the Nazis in Germany to expand relations strengthened Iran and Germany. In this regard, Reza Shah took control of the activities of the Iranian political dissidents by the Nazis in Berlin and hindered the expansion of communism. In addition, the period of Reza Shah, Iran and Germany relationship was based on several principles Iranian society hated the British and the Russians Reza Shah's dictatorial and ambitious (such as Hitler) British encourage Iranians to fight against the communism The defeat of the Iranian military forces and treaties that bind states against Iran German enmity with the Russians and the British Germany's requests to enter eastern and the Iranian market because Iran was entrance to the Eastern castle During the first and second world wars, when viewed as a major statement on Iran and Germany relationship It is possible to see that Iran actually more profitable. Iran has used a very good way to Germany to prevent the Russian pressure on Iran and the Russian advance in the north of Iran. In addition, German industry and economy were at a very advanced level and this meant that Britain and Russia of a new competitor in the trade market in Iran. Now, the Russians were not selling their low-quality products at prices they want Because of Germany's product was very high quality and cheap price. For Britania, Germany was seen as an obstacle to communism in Europe and Germany’s were not important to win the market of Iran. A common point between Iran and Germany both say that the bee was my race. The same race lifted the ban on the marriage of the two countries in terms of social issues. Germany's existence in Iran and the agreements signed between the two countries has enabled German engineers and scientists to come to Iran. This is still used in universities in various cities in Iran and science colleges, it caused the construction of schools and important government buildings. Along with these, this time in the state since the arrival of Germanmade printing machine and Iran have observed a significant increase in the spread of various magazines to the government. At the same time the opening of the Iranian magazine in Germany, Iran Friendship Association has played an important role in the promotion of cultural and historical of Iranian in Europe. In military terms, this period Iran has the opportunity to receive training in the German veteran commander of the Iranian army. During these periods, thanks to German engineers and scientists, Iran has begun to take the road to industrialization with the contribution which they offer. For the first time in this period, foreign companies have launched a flight from Iran cities. Iran between 1920 -1924 year, German exports ratio from zero to 32% and in trade with Iran between 1940 and 1941, Germany has had the 9:47% imports and 6:42% export rate. The Germans have a basis in the start of major railroad between Tabriz and Trabzon and they set up their own airlines and with investments in the country in 1929 drew the attention of the Iranian state. In 1931, the number of Germans were said to be around 10000 in Iran. But Iran government says that they came to Iran for the service of the industry and says that their number was 690 persons. In 1931, Germany and Iran relations has deteriorated due to the Iran's political opposition activities resulting in Berlin, monopoly in the hands of foreign capital, the bankruptcy of the Iranian National Bank and siphoned off. Then, the preparation unit treaty in 1935, the two countries' relations, expand trade relations in particular. The above are all that matters and relationships aside, Germany has been a memorable gesture against Iran. Despite the defeat of Germany in a very front in the end of the Second World War and despite losing, In the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, the output from Iran, Iran's independence and its recognition by the British and the Russians had required the Sovereignty and territorial integrity. When this table to look like this, Iran is permanent gains in Germany, but it is not possible to say the same thing for Germany.
ABSTRACT: During the First World War Germany and Iran holding up new relationships and it is appear as the new problems against the Russians and the British Relations in Iran. Nasreddin Shah opened the way for the entry of Germany to İran to reduce the progression of Russia in Iran's northern and north-west. During this period, İran's only reason to bring Germany into the focus for the future plans of Iran's foreign policy was Germany’s success of the Bismarck foreign policy. In this period Bismarck was doing his utmost to improve relations with the European states and making united Germany. Reza Shah began a new era with the coming reign in Iran's foreign policy in 1925. Initially, because of Germany's defeated in the first world war, Iranian government for increasing foreign investment turned to America for the strengthening of political support, but America at that time was in political isolation. In these times, France was in North Africa and Australia and has been engaged with the Balkans and Iran seemed to be one of Germany's savior. Also, this period was need of a serious financial and economic reform in Iran. Of course, no foreign country does not any thing without benefit waiting from other states for assistance and other countries interests in relation to earnings foreground. In 1914 at start of the First World War the cooperation between Iran and Germany again brought the two countries closer together. Military and political results of the war were not successful for both countries, but cooperation between the two countries in the war which sharpened the relations of the two states. At the same time; Russia's political isolation and the 1917 revolution has caused the British to enter an intensive in Iran. Super powers of the era, especially Germany, Russia and the Britania have entered Iran for its earnings. When the British and the Russians looked to their past bad colonial politics in Iran, the only hope of the Iranian rulers and the public was seen as Germany. Iran in pursuit a strong state which without colonial expectations in Europe, began to establish diplomatic and political relations with Germany. Germany’s further industrial and economic development and the history of without any colonial of this country, added to its advantages. Reza Shah's the sole purpose was to be independent and remove of the country from of the influence of the British and Soviet Union political and economic issues. Reza Shah to achieve this objective and Industrialize the country pursuit of to opening of National Bank, provide training to the Iranian expert, open several factories, to expand the contact line began to cooperate with the Germans. Reza Shah for build palaces, royal inns government buildings, military bases and to set up a weapons factory across the country was in need to specialized industrial tools and machines and Germans meet all these needs with easy conditions. Entrance of Germans to Iran meant provide raw materials for emerging industries and for British meant to lose the Iranian market. However, Germany's economic influence preventing the spread of communism in Iran. In addition to the benefits which accrue from Iran, Germany, which emerges from the first world war the alliance government came to pay their debt situation. Reza Shah saw the Germany's regular army and has expanded military issues and particularly in political and economic relations with Germany. Reza Shah was love powerful states and admired Hitler's new shining star in the world. When the dictator regime of the Nazis in Germany to expand relations strengthened Iran and Germany. In this regard, Reza Shah took control of the activities of the Iranian political dissidents by the Nazis in Berlin and hindered the expansion of communism. In addition, the period of Reza Shah, Iran and Germany relationship was based on several principles Iranian society hated the British and the Russians Reza Shah's dictatorial and ambitious (such as Hitler) British encourage Iranians to fight against the communism The defeat of the Iranian military forces and treaties that bind states against Iran German enmity with the Russians and the British Germany's requests to enter eastern and the Iranian market because Iran was entrance to the Eastern castle During the first and second world wars, when viewed as a major statement on Iran and Germany relationship It is possible to see that Iran actually more profitable. Iran has used a very good way to Germany to prevent the Russian pressure on Iran and the Russian advance in the north of Iran. In addition, German industry and economy were at a very advanced level and this meant that Britain and Russia of a new competitor in the trade market in Iran. Now, the Russians were not selling their low-quality products at prices they want Because of Germany's product was very high quality and cheap price. For Britania, Germany was seen as an obstacle to communism in Europe and Germany’s were not important to win the market of Iran. A common point between Iran and Germany both say that the bee was my race. The same race lifted the ban on the marriage of the two countries in terms of social issues. Germany's existence in Iran and the agreements signed between the two countries has enabled German engineers and scientists to come to Iran. This is still used in universities in various cities in Iran and science colleges, it caused the construction of schools and important government buildings. Along with these, this time in the state since the arrival of Germanmade printing machine and Iran have observed a significant increase in the spread of various magazines to the government. At the same time the opening of the Iranian magazine in Germany, Iran Friendship Association has played an important role in the promotion of cultural and historical of Iranian in Europe. In military terms, this period Iran has the opportunity to receive training in the German veteran commander of the Iranian army. During these periods, thanks to German engineers and scientists, Iran has begun to take the road to industrialization with the contribution which they offer. For the first time in this period, foreign companies have launched a flight from Iran cities. Iran between 1920 -1924 year, German exports ratio from zero to 32% and in trade with Iran between 1940 and 1941, Germany has had the 9:47% imports and 6:42% export rate. The Germans have a basis in the start of major railroad between Tabriz and Trabzon and they set up their own airlines and with investments in the country in 1929 drew the attention of the Iranian state. In 1931, the number of Germans were said to be around 10000 in Iran. But Iran government says that they came to Iran for the service of the industry and says that their number was 690 persons. In 1931, Germany and Iran relations has deteriorated due to the Iran's political opposition activities resulting in Berlin, monopoly in the hands of foreign capital, the bankruptcy of the Iranian National Bank and siphoned off. Then, the preparation unit treaty in 1935, the two countries' relations, expand trade relations in particular. The above are all that matters and relationships aside, Germany has been a memorable gesture against Iran. Despite the defeat of Germany in a very front in the end of the Second World War and despite losing, In the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, the output from Iran, Iran's independence and its recognition by the British and the Russians had required the Sovereignty and territorial integrity. When this table to look like this, Iran is permanent gains in Germany, but it is not possible to say the same thing for Germany.
Keywords
international relations