OSMANLI’DAN GÜNÜMÜZE BÜROKRASİNİN EVRİMİ
Date
2021-10-07
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Abstract
Bürokrasi ve siyaset mekanizmaları birbirleri ile ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.
Bürokrasi toplum içinde verimsizlik, hantallık, sert kuralların olduğu bir kavram
olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bir başka tanımda ise bürokratların yönetimi olarak ortaya
çıkmıştır. Aslında bürokrasi için yapılan tüm bu tanımlar Weber’in ortaya koyduğu
kavramsal yapıyı örnek almıştır. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı Devletinden başlayan
bürokratik geleneğin 2002 yılına kadar dönüşümleri incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda
bürokrasinin gelişimi kronolojik olarak ele alınmıştır. Osmanlı Devletinde
bürokrasinin gelişerek kurumsal bir araç rolü oynamasındaki en önemli sebep büyük
bir imparatorluk kurması olmuştur. İlerleyen dönemlerde ise sivil bürokrasi,
yöneticiler ile birlikte devlet yönteminde etkili olmuştur ve aynı zamanda askeri
bürokrasi güçlenmiştir. Tek parti iktidarı süresince Osmanlı bürokrasisinin izleri
devam etmiştir. Cumhuriyet’in kurulduğu yıllarda iktidar, hem burjuva hem de askeri
bürokrasi görevini yapmıştır. Aynı zamanda devleti kurma ve temsil etme görevini de
üstlenmiştir. 1950’li yıllarda bürokrasi tek partili dönemdeki prestijini ve önemini
kaybetmiştir. DP döneminde askeri bürokrasi ve iktidar arasında gerilim artmıştır ve
bu durum 27 Mayıs 1960 darbesine zemin hazırlamıştır. DP, programlarında da
belirttiği gibi bürokrasinin yönetim açısından gücünü kıracağını ve düzenlemeler
yapacağını söylemiştir. 1960’lı yıllarda bürokrasi tekrar eski gücünü kazanmıştır ve
ordu itibarını geri kazanmaya çalışmıştır. 1960 yılı yeniliklerinden olan, Devlet
Personel Dairesi, Devlet Memurları Kanunu bürokrasi açısından oldukça önemli
gelişmelere neden olmuştur. Ayrıca Devlet Planlama Teşkilatının kurulması ile sivil
bürokratik kesime iktisadi kararları denetleme olanağı sağlamıştır. 12 Eylül askeri
darbesi, Türk toplum yapısı açısından köklü değişimlerin yaşandığı ve bürokrasinin
evrim geçirdiği yıllar olmuştur. 1980’li yıllarda bürokrasi, etkisini kaybetmeye devam
etmiştir. 1990’lı yıllar bürokrasi açısından önemli unsurların ön plana çıktığı dönem
olmuştur ve Türk bürokrasisinin temel sorunları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlar şu şekilde
sıralanmaktadır; yönetimde merkeziyetçilik, değişimlere ve teknolojilere ayak
uyduramaması, adam kayırma, kuralcılık ve personelin sorumluluk almaktan kaçması,
yolsuzluk ve rüşvet olarak sayılmıştır. 2002 yılına geldiğimizde AK Parti bürokrasinin
gücünü kırılması gerekliliğinden bahsetmiştir. Alınan kararların başında, bürokratik
işlevlerin azaltılması amaçlanmıştır.
Description
Development Of Bureaucracy From Ottoman To Present
ABSTRACT: Bureaucracy and political mechanisms are related concepts. Bureaucracy has been defined as a concept of inefficiency, bulkiness, and harsh rules in society. In another definition, it emerged as the administration of bureaucrats. In fact, all these definitions for bureaucracy exemplify the conceptual structure laid out by Weber. In this study, the transformations of the bureaucratic tradition starting from the Ottoman state until 2002 were examined. At the same time, the development of bureaucracy is discussed chronologically. In later periods, the civil bureaucracy, along with the rulers, was effective in the state method, and at the same time, the military bureaucracy became stronger. Traces of Ottoman bureaucracy continued during the one-party rule. In the years when the Republic was founded, the government served as both a bourgeois and a military bureaucracy. He also took on the task of establishing and representing the state. In the 1950s, the bureaucracy lost its prestige and importance in the one-party era. During the DP period, tensions between the military bureaucracy and the government increased, which laid the groundwork for the coup of 27 May 1960. The DP, as it has stated in its programs, has said that the bureaucracy will break its power in terms of management and make regulations. In the 1960s, the bureaucracy regained its former strength and the Army sought to restore its reputation. One of the innovations of 1960, the Department of State Personnel, the law on civil servants, caused quite significant improvements in terms of bureaucracy. In addition, with the establishment of a State Planning Organization, it provided the civil bureaucratic segment with the opportunity to control economic decisions. The September 12 military coup was the year in which there were radical changes in terms of Turkish social structure and the bureaucracy evolved. In the 1980s, the bureaucracy continued to lose its influence. The 1990s were the period when important elements came to the fore in terms of bureaucracy, and the main problems of the Turkish bureaucracy emerged. These are listed as follows; centralism in management, failure to keep up with changes and technologies, nepotism, rule-making and staff evading responsibility were counted as corruption and bribery. In 2002, the AK Party spoke of the need to reak the power of the bureaucracy. At the beginning of the decisions taken, it was aimed to reduce bureaucratic functions.
ABSTRACT: Bureaucracy and political mechanisms are related concepts. Bureaucracy has been defined as a concept of inefficiency, bulkiness, and harsh rules in society. In another definition, it emerged as the administration of bureaucrats. In fact, all these definitions for bureaucracy exemplify the conceptual structure laid out by Weber. In this study, the transformations of the bureaucratic tradition starting from the Ottoman state until 2002 were examined. At the same time, the development of bureaucracy is discussed chronologically. In later periods, the civil bureaucracy, along with the rulers, was effective in the state method, and at the same time, the military bureaucracy became stronger. Traces of Ottoman bureaucracy continued during the one-party rule. In the years when the Republic was founded, the government served as both a bourgeois and a military bureaucracy. He also took on the task of establishing and representing the state. In the 1950s, the bureaucracy lost its prestige and importance in the one-party era. During the DP period, tensions between the military bureaucracy and the government increased, which laid the groundwork for the coup of 27 May 1960. The DP, as it has stated in its programs, has said that the bureaucracy will break its power in terms of management and make regulations. In the 1960s, the bureaucracy regained its former strength and the Army sought to restore its reputation. One of the innovations of 1960, the Department of State Personnel, the law on civil servants, caused quite significant improvements in terms of bureaucracy. In addition, with the establishment of a State Planning Organization, it provided the civil bureaucratic segment with the opportunity to control economic decisions. The September 12 military coup was the year in which there were radical changes in terms of Turkish social structure and the bureaucracy evolved. In the 1980s, the bureaucracy continued to lose its influence. The 1990s were the period when important elements came to the fore in terms of bureaucracy, and the main problems of the Turkish bureaucracy emerged. These are listed as follows; centralism in management, failure to keep up with changes and technologies, nepotism, rule-making and staff evading responsibility were counted as corruption and bribery. In 2002, the AK Party spoke of the need to reak the power of the bureaucracy. At the beginning of the decisions taken, it was aimed to reduce bureaucratic functions.
Keywords
public administration and political science