SORUMLULUK HUKUKUNDA ZOR DURUMDA KALMA
Date
2021-10-18
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Abstract
818 sayılı Borçlar Kanunu’nda “zor durumda kalma” anlamında olmak üzere
“müzayaka” kelimesi kullanılmıştır. Müzayakanın Türk Dil Kurumu sözlüğündeki
kelime anlamı “sıkıntı, darlık, parasızlık”tır. Müzayaka hali bir hukuksal kurum
olarak 818 sayılı Borçlar Kanunu’nun 21, 30/2 ve 44/2 maddelerinde yer almaktaydı.
6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun kabulüyle dil yönünden yapılan arılaştırma
neticesinde müzayaka kelimesinin karşılığı olarak TBK’nın 28 ve 38’inci
maddelerinde “zor durumda kalma”, 52’nci maddede ise “yoksulluğa düşme”
tabirleri kullanılmış ancak bu durum uygulamada bir değişiklik yaratmamıştır.
Bu tez çalışmasında, TBK m.28’de yer alan aşırı yararlanmada, karşılıklı
edimler arasındaki aşırı oransızlığın bir tarafın zor durumda kalmasından
yararlanılarak gerçekleştirilmesi hali, TBK m.38/2’de yer alan bir hakkın veya
kanundan doğan bir yetkinin kullanılacağı korkutmasıyla diğer tarafın zor durumda
kalmasından aşırı menfaat sağlanması hali ve TBK m.52/2’de yer alan, tazminatı
ödediğinde yoksulluğa düşecek tazminat yükümlüsünün zarara, hafif kusuruyla
sebebiyet vermesi ve hakkaniyetin de bunu gerektirmesi halinde tazminatta bir
indirim sebebi olma durumu incelenmiştir.
Bu çalışmada, sorumluluk hukukunda “müzayaka” haline bağlanan hüküm ve
sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Ancak eBK’dan farklı olarak TBK’da müzayaka kavramına
yer verilmediğinden “Sorumluluk Hukukunda Zor Durumda Kalma” başlığı tercih
edilmiştir. “Zor Durumda Kalma” kavramı eBK’daki “Müzayaka” hali için
kullanılmıştır.
Description
Being in a Difficult Situation in Liability Law
ABSTRACT: In the Code of Obligations No. 818, the word "distress" was used to mean "being in a difficult situation". The linguistic meaning of the state of distress in the Turkish Language Association dictionary is “distress, hardship, poverty.” The state of distress as a factor is included in Articles 21, 30/2 and 44/2 by the Code of Obligations No. 818. As a result of the language purism with the adoption of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) No. 6098, the expressions of “to be in a difficult situation” in the 28th and 38th articles of the TCO, and “falling into poverty” in the 52nd article were used as a synonym for the distress, by not creating a change in practice. In this thesis study, the undue influence (lesion) situation stated in TCO article 28, where there is a clear disparity between the parties' obligations as a result of one party's benefit of being in a difficult situation, the state of taking excessive advantage of the difficult situation of other party by intimidation of enforcing a legal right or legal power stated TCO article 38/2, and the state of reduction in the compensation stated in TCO article 52/2, for which the compensation liable with slight fault would be impoverished and require equity by paying the full compensation, were queried. In this study, the provisions and results related to “distress” in liability law were inspected. However, unlike the old Code of Obligations (eBK), since the concept of distress is not included in the TCO, the title of "Being in a Difficult Situation in Liability Law" was preferred. The concept of "being in a difficult situation" was used for the "State of Distress" in the eBK.
ABSTRACT: In the Code of Obligations No. 818, the word "distress" was used to mean "being in a difficult situation". The linguistic meaning of the state of distress in the Turkish Language Association dictionary is “distress, hardship, poverty.” The state of distress as a factor is included in Articles 21, 30/2 and 44/2 by the Code of Obligations No. 818. As a result of the language purism with the adoption of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) No. 6098, the expressions of “to be in a difficult situation” in the 28th and 38th articles of the TCO, and “falling into poverty” in the 52nd article were used as a synonym for the distress, by not creating a change in practice. In this thesis study, the undue influence (lesion) situation stated in TCO article 28, where there is a clear disparity between the parties' obligations as a result of one party's benefit of being in a difficult situation, the state of taking excessive advantage of the difficult situation of other party by intimidation of enforcing a legal right or legal power stated TCO article 38/2, and the state of reduction in the compensation stated in TCO article 52/2, for which the compensation liable with slight fault would be impoverished and require equity by paying the full compensation, were queried. In this study, the provisions and results related to “distress” in liability law were inspected. However, unlike the old Code of Obligations (eBK), since the concept of distress is not included in the TCO, the title of "Being in a Difficult Situation in Liability Law" was preferred. The concept of "being in a difficult situation" was used for the "State of Distress" in the eBK.
Keywords
private law