ENERJİ FİYATLARINA KAMUSAL MÜDAHALELER
Date
2022-01-19
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Abstract
Enerjiye; geçmişten günümüze kadar insanlar için hayatın her alanında ihtiyaç
duyulmuştur. İnsanlığın ilk zamanlarında; ihtiyaç duyulan kuvvet hayvanlardan
sağlanmıştır. İlerleyen zamanlarda rüzgârın itici-sürükleyici gücünden ve akarsuların
taşıyıcı gücünden yararlanılmaya başlanmıştır. Teknik imkânların gelişmesi ile sanayi
devriminin başlamasında son derece etkili olan kömür enerjisi kullanılmaya
başlanmıştır. Türbin ve dinamon bulunması, elektriğe dönüştürülen su gücü ile
akarsuların sadece taşıyıcı özelliğinden değil bu özelliğinden de faydalanılmasını
sağlamıştır. İçten yanmalı motorların keşfi ile petrol tüm dünya genelinde en önemli
enerji kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Petrol enerjisini; doğalgaz ve diğer petrol ürünlerinin
üretimleri izlemiştir. Teknolojinin de gelişmesiyle nükleer enerji yatırımları hayata
geçirilmiştir.
Enerjinin çeşitlenmesi ve daha ulaşılabilir olması sayesinde sürekli gelişen ve
globalleşen dünyada enerji en önemli meta haline gelmiştir. Kaynaklarının kıt olması,
fosil yakıtların negatif dışsallığı ve enerji bakımından kıt ülkelerin enerji politikaları
ile sürdürülebilir – dönüştürülebilir enerjilere yönelme eğilimi başlamıştır. Hayatın en
vazgeçilmez öğesi olan enerji; bu kısıtların her geçen gün artması sebebiyle fiyatı
sürekli yükselme eğiliminde olan bir meta haline gelmiştir. Bütün bu özellikleriyle
enerji; ülkelerin hem iç hem dış politikalarını etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biri
olmuştur.
Bu çalışma iki bölümden oluşmakta olup; enerji ve vergi hukuku bir arada
incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde enerjinin iktisadi, hukukî ve malî olarak tanımlaması
yapılmış; enerjinin ne nitelikte bir mal olduğu incelenmiş ve enerji kaynakları
açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise enerjiye yapılan kamusal müdahaleler incelenmiştir.
Bu bölümde enerjinin fiyatlandırılması; fiyatlandırmayı etkileyen kamusal
müdahaleler (regülasyon – sübvansiyon - vergilendirme) açıklanmıştır. Enerji
politikalarını uygulamak için idare tarafından düzenleyici ve idari işlemler ile yapılan
müdahalelerden vergilendirilmenin açıklanmasının öncesinde vergi, resim, harç ve
benzeri mali yükümlülük kavramları açıklanmış olup, enerji fiyatlarını etkileyen
müdahaleler bu terimlere göre irdelenmiştir.
Description
Public Interventions on Energy Prices
ABSTRACT: Energy has been a fundamental need for people from past to present in every area of life. The force needed in the early days of humanity was provided by animals. Subsequently, the driving force of the wind and the stream capacity began to be used. Thanks to the development of technical means, coal energy, which was effectively contributed to the initiation of the industrial revolution, was used. The invention of turbines and dynamos enabled the streams to benefit from not only the stream capacity of rivers but also the power of water converted into electricity. With the invention of internal combustion engines, petroleum has become the most important energy source all over the world. Petroleum energy was followed by the production of natural gas and other petroleum products. Following the developments in technology, people have started to make investments in nuclear energy. Energy has become the most important commodity in the constantly evolving and globalizing world thanks to the diversity and accessibility of energy. With the scarcity of resources, the negative externality of fossil fuels and the energy policies of countries with energy shortages, the tendency towards sustainable - transformable energies has been started. Energy, the most indispensable element of life, has become a commodity of which price tends to increase constantly as these scarcities increase day by day. With all these features, energy has been one of the most important factors that affect both domestic and foreign policies of countries. This study consists of two parts, and energy and tax law are addressed together. In the first part, energy is defined in terms of economy, law, and finance; the quality of energy as a commodity has been examined and energy sources have been explained. In the second part, public interventions implemented to energy are examined. In this section, pricing of energy and public interventions that affect pricing (regulation subsidy-taxation) are explained. Before explaining taxation from the interventions conducted by administrations through regulatory and administrative procedures to implement energy policies, the concepts of taxes, duties, charges and similar financial obligations have been defined and the interventions that affect energy prices have been addressed according to these terms.
ABSTRACT: Energy has been a fundamental need for people from past to present in every area of life. The force needed in the early days of humanity was provided by animals. Subsequently, the driving force of the wind and the stream capacity began to be used. Thanks to the development of technical means, coal energy, which was effectively contributed to the initiation of the industrial revolution, was used. The invention of turbines and dynamos enabled the streams to benefit from not only the stream capacity of rivers but also the power of water converted into electricity. With the invention of internal combustion engines, petroleum has become the most important energy source all over the world. Petroleum energy was followed by the production of natural gas and other petroleum products. Following the developments in technology, people have started to make investments in nuclear energy. Energy has become the most important commodity in the constantly evolving and globalizing world thanks to the diversity and accessibility of energy. With the scarcity of resources, the negative externality of fossil fuels and the energy policies of countries with energy shortages, the tendency towards sustainable - transformable energies has been started. Energy, the most indispensable element of life, has become a commodity of which price tends to increase constantly as these scarcities increase day by day. With all these features, energy has been one of the most important factors that affect both domestic and foreign policies of countries. This study consists of two parts, and energy and tax law are addressed together. In the first part, energy is defined in terms of economy, law, and finance; the quality of energy as a commodity has been examined and energy sources have been explained. In the second part, public interventions implemented to energy are examined. In this section, pricing of energy and public interventions that affect pricing (regulation subsidy-taxation) are explained. Before explaining taxation from the interventions conducted by administrations through regulatory and administrative procedures to implement energy policies, the concepts of taxes, duties, charges and similar financial obligations have been defined and the interventions that affect energy prices have been addressed according to these terms.
Keywords
public administration and political science