1955-1974 SÜRECİNDE KIBRIS’TA İSTİHBARAT FAALİYETLERİ
Date
2017-01-07
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Abstract
Bu tez çalışmamda Kıbrıs adasında 1950 yılından itibaren artan huzursuzluk
ortamında birden fazla tarafın birbirleri arasında yaratılan güvensizlik ortamları
karşısında istihbarat faaliyetleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. 1955 yılıyla birlikte Kıbrıs
Rum toplumu içerisinden çıkan EOKA örgütünün kanlı faaliyetleri karşısında başta
Türk toplumu olmak üzere Adanın yönetim koltuğunda olan İngilizlerin tedhiş
hareketleriyle başa çıkma çalışmalarının büyük bir bölümü olan istihbarat toplama
faaliyetlerine değinilmiştir.
16 Ağustos 1960 tarihi ile birlikte Kıbrıs’ta bulunan taraflar ve bağlı oldukları
ülkelerle birlikte ortak bir anlaşmaya varılmış, iki toplumlu ve eşitlikçi ilkelere
dayanan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti kurulmuştur. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti anlaşmalarında ki en
önemli hususlardan birisi olan EOKA tedhiş hareketi eylemlerine son vermesi
gerekmekteydi. Cumhuriyetin ilanı ve yönetim mekanizmalarının kurulmasıyla
Kıbrıslı Rumlar kuruluş anlaşmalarının kendilerine zorla dayatıldığını ve eşitlik
ilkelerine uymadığını belirterek adeta yönetimde oyunbozanlık yaparak Kıbrıs Türk
tarafını görmezden gelmeye başlamıştır. Siyasal baskılarla birlikte ada üzerinde
toplumsal olayların başlamasındaki en büyük etken yönetimde bulunan Rum kökenli
yöneticilerdi. Bu negatif tansiyon giderek artmakta ve 1963 yılının aralık ayında
Kıbrıslı Rumlarca tarih sahnesine “Kanlı Noel” olarak geçecek büyük bir saldırı ile
etnik soykırım gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Bu arada Kıbrıs Türk tarafınca beklenmeyen sert bir savunma refleksi
gösterilmiştir. EOKA’ya karşı Kıbrıs Türkü, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatını (TMT)
yeşerterek tüm Kıbrıs üzerinde teşkilatlanmıştır. Ancak Rumlar devlet
mekanizmalarını ENOSİS temelinde şekillendirmeye devam ederek “Kanlı Noel” ile
başlattıkları işe 1974 yılında yapılan Sampson darbesine kadar artarak devam etmiştir.
Kıbrıs Cumhuriyetini şekillendiren Zürih ve Londra Anlaşmalarıyla garantörlük hakkı
verilen Türkiye, soy birliği olan Kıbrıslı Türklere karşı artarak devam eden yoğun
baskıya daha fazla seyirci kalmamış ve Barış Harekatıyla müdahale etmiştir.
Tez çalışmasının I. bölümünde Kıbrıs adasının genel anlamda tarihi ile birlikte
jeopolitik önemine değinilmiştir. Teorik anlamda istihbarat incelenmiş ve istihbaratın
alt kolları tanımlanarak kısa bilgiler verilmiştir. 1955-1960 yılları arasında EOKA
tedhiş hareketiyle birlikte Kıbrıs’ın yönetiminde bulunan İngilizlerin bu örgütün
hareketlerini İstihbarat bağlamında nasıl ele aldıkları incelenmiştir. EOKA örgütünün
istihbarat faaliyetleri ve yapısı değerlendirilerek, bu örgüte karşı Kıbrıs Türkleri
tarafından oluşturulan Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatının istihbari ve operasyonel
faaliyetleri incelenmiş, başta eğitim olmak üzere gizli harekat faaliyetlerine
değinilmiştir.
Çalışmanın II. Bölümünde 1960 yılı itibariyle kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyetinde
oluşturulan güvenlik mekanizmaları incelenmiştir. Cumhuriyetle birlikte oluşan
yönetimden soyutlanan Kıbrıs Türk toplumu kendi içerisine kapanarak federasyon
faaliyetleri çerçevesinde güvenlik ve istihbaratını TMT eli ile yürüttüğü görülmüştür.
Yeni devletin kurulmasıyla birlikte başta küresel dominant aktörlerin adaya istihbari
anlamda ilgileri artmaya başladığı görülmüştür. Diğer ülkelerin ada üzerinde yapmış
olduğu faaliyetler 1960-1974 yılları arasında incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir.
III. bölümde coğrafi olarak eşsiz konumda bulunan Kıbrıs’ın teknik istihbarat
alt yapısı incelenmiştir. Soğuk savaş döneminin güvensizlik ortamında batı bloğunun
doğu bloğu üzerinde gerçekleştirilen elektronik istihbaratın batı için nasıl bir öneme
sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Kıbrıs’ta bulunan Amerikan ve İngiliz istihbarat tesislerinin
faaliyetleri değerlendirilmiştir.
Description
Intelligence Activities in Cyprus During 1955-1974
ABSTRACT: In my thesis, I have studied intelligence activities of more than one side which were created against the insecurity environments towards each other in the environment of increasing unrest since 1950 in Cyprus island. Intelligence gathering activities which account for a large part of the efforts of the Turkish community and the British, which were keeping the administration on the Island, to tackle the bloody activities of the EOKA organization originated from the Greek Cypriot community in 1955 have been mentioned. As of 16 August 1960, an agreement has been reached with the parties in Cyprus and the countries to which they belong and the Republic of Cyprus was established on the basis of bi-communal and egalitarian principles. EOKA, one of the most important issues in the treaties of the Republic of Cyprus, had to end its terrorist activities. After the proclamation of the Republic and the establishment of the administrative mechanisms, the Greek Cypriots began to ignore the Turkish Cypriot side and spoiled the game by claiming that the contractual agreements were forcibly imposed on them and these agreements did not comply with the principles of equality. The most important factor in initiation of social events on the island along with the political pressures were the rulers of Greek origin. This tension on the Island has increased and the Greek Cypriots tried to achieve an ethnic genocide with a major attack in December 1963, which is known as "Bloody Christmas" on the stage of history. Meanwhile, an unexpectedly harsh defense reflex was shown by the Turkish Cypriot side. Turkish Cypriots have been organized on the whole Island by burgeoning the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) against EOKA. However, the Greek Cypriots continued to shape the state mechanisms based on ENOSIS and prolonged the work they started with "Bloody Christmas" until the Sampson coup in 1974. Turkey, which was accepted as the guarantor state with the Zurich and London Agreements forming the Republic of Cyprus, has no more been a mere spectator and has intervened with the Peace Operation. In the first section of the thesis, the geopolitical importance of Cyprus island along with its history is mentioned. Intelligence has been examined in a theoretical way and brief information has been given by defining the lower branches of intelligence. It was investigated how the British, under the administration of Cyprus during the EOKA terrorist movement between 1955 and 1960, handled these movements in the context of Intelligence. The intelligence activities and structure of the EOKA organization were evaluated and the intelligence and operational activities of the Turkish Resistance Organization formed by the Turkish Cypriots against this organization were analyzed and the secret operations and activities, particularly through education, were examined. In the second section of the thesis, the security mechanisms formed in the Republic of Cyprus, which was established in 1960, have been examined. Turkish Cypriot community, which was isolated from the administration formed with the establishment of the Republic, turned in on itself and carried out its security and intelligence activities within the scope of the federation activities with the support of TMT. With the establishment of the new state, it has been observed that globally dominant actors have increased their informative attention towards the Island. The activities of other countries on the island were examined and evaluated for 1960-1974 period. In the third section of the thesis, the technical intelligence infrastructure of Cyprus, which has a geographically unique location, has been examined. The importance attributed by the western bloc to its electronic intelligence activities on the eastern bloc in the climate of insecurity of the Cold War era has been assessed. Furthermore, the activities of American and British intelligence facilities in Cyprus have been evaluated.
ABSTRACT: In my thesis, I have studied intelligence activities of more than one side which were created against the insecurity environments towards each other in the environment of increasing unrest since 1950 in Cyprus island. Intelligence gathering activities which account for a large part of the efforts of the Turkish community and the British, which were keeping the administration on the Island, to tackle the bloody activities of the EOKA organization originated from the Greek Cypriot community in 1955 have been mentioned. As of 16 August 1960, an agreement has been reached with the parties in Cyprus and the countries to which they belong and the Republic of Cyprus was established on the basis of bi-communal and egalitarian principles. EOKA, one of the most important issues in the treaties of the Republic of Cyprus, had to end its terrorist activities. After the proclamation of the Republic and the establishment of the administrative mechanisms, the Greek Cypriots began to ignore the Turkish Cypriot side and spoiled the game by claiming that the contractual agreements were forcibly imposed on them and these agreements did not comply with the principles of equality. The most important factor in initiation of social events on the island along with the political pressures were the rulers of Greek origin. This tension on the Island has increased and the Greek Cypriots tried to achieve an ethnic genocide with a major attack in December 1963, which is known as "Bloody Christmas" on the stage of history. Meanwhile, an unexpectedly harsh defense reflex was shown by the Turkish Cypriot side. Turkish Cypriots have been organized on the whole Island by burgeoning the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) against EOKA. However, the Greek Cypriots continued to shape the state mechanisms based on ENOSIS and prolonged the work they started with "Bloody Christmas" until the Sampson coup in 1974. Turkey, which was accepted as the guarantor state with the Zurich and London Agreements forming the Republic of Cyprus, has no more been a mere spectator and has intervened with the Peace Operation. In the first section of the thesis, the geopolitical importance of Cyprus island along with its history is mentioned. Intelligence has been examined in a theoretical way and brief information has been given by defining the lower branches of intelligence. It was investigated how the British, under the administration of Cyprus during the EOKA terrorist movement between 1955 and 1960, handled these movements in the context of Intelligence. The intelligence activities and structure of the EOKA organization were evaluated and the intelligence and operational activities of the Turkish Resistance Organization formed by the Turkish Cypriots against this organization were analyzed and the secret operations and activities, particularly through education, were examined. In the second section of the thesis, the security mechanisms formed in the Republic of Cyprus, which was established in 1960, have been examined. Turkish Cypriot community, which was isolated from the administration formed with the establishment of the Republic, turned in on itself and carried out its security and intelligence activities within the scope of the federation activities with the support of TMT. With the establishment of the new state, it has been observed that globally dominant actors have increased their informative attention towards the Island. The activities of other countries on the island were examined and evaluated for 1960-1974 period. In the third section of the thesis, the technical intelligence infrastructure of Cyprus, which has a geographically unique location, has been examined. The importance attributed by the western bloc to its electronic intelligence activities on the eastern bloc in the climate of insecurity of the Cold War era has been assessed. Furthermore, the activities of American and British intelligence facilities in Cyprus have been evaluated.
Keywords
international relations